外源褪黑素对盐胁迫下紫花苜蓿幼苗抗氧化能力以及光合作用效率的影响

紫花苜蓿为多年生豆科优良牧草,土壤盐碱化是其产量的重要限制因素。该研究以‘中苜1号’紫花苜蓿为材料,在盐胁迫浓度和褪黑素浓度筛选试验基础上,设置盐(150 mmol/L NaCl)和褪黑素(30、50、80μmol/L)单独及复合处理,采用水培根灌褪黑素的方法,探究外源褪黑素对盐胁迫下紫花苜蓿幼苗生长特性、膜透性、渗透调节、抗氧化物酶以及光合作用指标的影响。结果表明:(1)紫花苜蓿幼苗生长受到盐胁迫的显著抑制,而在单独褪黑素处理下无显著变化;各浓度褪黑素处理均可有效缓解盐胁迫对紫花苜蓿生长造成的伤害,并以150 mmol/L NaCl+80μmol/L褪黑素处理(NaCl+MT2)效果最佳,其幼苗根长、根鲜重和根干重分别比盐胁迫处理显著增加了34.52%、41.93%和19.61%。(2)盐胁迫显著增加了紫花苜蓿幼苗细胞膜系统的透性和膜脂过氧化程度,NaCl+MT2处理幼苗叶片的相对电导率和MDA含量分别比盐胁迫处理显著降低了27.18%和30.24%,同时使幼苗叶片的相对含水量显著提高,脯氨酸含量却显著降低,表明外源褪黑素有效缓解了盐胁迫下细胞失水危害和细胞膜损伤的程度。(3)NaCl+MT2处理幼苗叶片的POD和SOD活性分别比盐胁迫处理显著提高31.45%和41.41%,其CAT活性却无显著变化,表明外源褪黑素可显著增强紫花苜蓿幼苗叶片POD、SOD活性,提高其活性氧的清除能力,减轻盐胁迫诱导的过氧化伤害。(4)盐胁迫显著抑制了紫花苜蓿幼苗光合作用效率,而NaCl+MT2处理幼苗叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率较盐胁迫处理分别显著增加了30.27%、45.1%、42.15%。研究发现,盐胁迫致使紫花苜蓿幼苗叶片的活性氧积累显著增加,抗氧化物酶活性显著降低,显著降低了其光合作用效率,外源褪黑素通过提高紫花苜蓿的抗氧化能力和光合作用效率来促进幼苗生长,从而增强了紫花苜蓿的耐盐性。     

干旱胁迫对不同根型苜蓿根系生长及根际土壤细菌的影响

为明确干旱胁迫对根茎型清水紫花苜蓿、直根型陇东紫花苜蓿、根蘖型公农4号杂花苜蓿根系生长及根际土壤细菌群落的影响,采用盆栽试验,运用16S rRNA基因测序技术,研究了幼苗期干旱胁迫下各根型苜蓿根系生长及根际土壤细菌群落结构的变化。结果表明：干旱胁迫下各根型苜蓿的Chao1和ACE丰富度指数均在中度胁迫下最大,Simpson和Shannon-wiener多样性指数各处理间差异不显著;根际土壤细菌群落均以变形菌门、绿弯菌门、类杆菌门、放线菌门和厚壁菌门为主,干旱胁迫均显著增加了变形菌门和厚壁菌门的相对丰度,显著降低了绿弯菌门的相对丰度,但类杆菌门和放线菌门先提高后下降。统计学分析显示,幼苗期干旱胁迫显著影响各根型苜蓿生长发育,随胁迫程度增加,其株高、地上生物量、地下生物量、根系活力、根体积、根系总长均显著降低,根冠比先增加后下降且在中度胁迫时达到最大值。重度胁迫下,清水苜蓿的株高、根系活力显著大于其他品种,而根冠比、根系干重显著小于其他品种;陇东苜蓿的根长、根尖数均显著大于其他品种;根系平均直径、根系总表面积各根型苜蓿间差异不显著。研究结果为植物的抗干旱胁迫以及提高各根型苜蓿在干旱胁迫下的水分利用提供参考。     

Acceptance of low-saponin lines of alfalfa with varied phenolic concentrations by pea aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

This research aims to examine the effect of phenolics on pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) (Homoptera: Aphididae) development and feeding behaviour, on leaves of selected low-saponin lines of Radius alfalfa (Medicago sativa). There was a slight, negative correlation (Spearman rank correlation r _s = −0.80) between concentrations of saponins and phenols. Lines with higher concentrations of saponins had less phenolics. Levels of phenolics in low-saponin lines of alfalfa cv. Radius were related to their acceptance by the pea aphid. Our data revealed an inverse relationship between level of phenolics and the aphid abundance and its biology on studied alfalfa lines. Larval development of the pea aphid was longer, reproduction period was shorter, and the fecundity was lower on low-saponin lines with higher level of phenolics. There were observed some tendencies in the pea aphid feeding behaviour on these lines: prolonging the probing of the peripheral tissues (epidermis and mesophyll) and shortening the period of phloem sap ingestion. The better hosts for the pea aphid were low-saponin lines with low levels of phenolic compounds.     

Predation drives stable coexistence ratios between red and green pea aphid morphs

We conducted field surveys and experiments to evaluate the hypothesis that predation is an important driving factor determining the degree of coexistence between red and green morphs of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Theory suggests that the different colour morphs are differentially susceptible to natural enemies and selection by predation which in turn leads to variable relative abundances of red and green morphs among host plants across landscapes. Our field surveys on pea and alfalfa revealed, however, that the colour morphs tended to coexist closely in a ratio of one red to three green aphids across fields with different host plant monocultures. Experimentation involving manipulation of the relative abundances of the two colour morphs on host plants pea and alfalfa with and without predator presence revealed that red morphs had higher or same fitness (per capita reproduction) than green morphs on both pea and alfalfa only when in the proportion of one red/three green proportion. Moreover, experimentation evaluating predator efficiency revealed that red morphs are safest from predation when in a 1 : 3 ratio with green morphs. These results suggest that in addition to predation selection effects, red morphs may behaviourally choose to associate with green morphs in a narrow 1 : 3 ratio to maximize their fitness. This evidence, along with existing published data on red and green morph anti‐predator behaviour indicates that a 1 : 3 red and green morph coexistence ratio is driven by a balance between predation pressure and behavioural assorting by red morphs across landscapes. In this way predators may have ecological‐evolutionary consequences for traits that affect the colour morphs' proportion and tolerances to selective pressure.     

不同集雨种植方式对干旱区紫花苜蓿种植的影响

在甘肃省定西半干旱黄土丘陵区采用完全随机设计,研究不同覆盖材料(普通地膜CMR、生物可降解地膜BMR和土垄SR)和不同沟垄比(60 cm∶30 cm、60 cm∶45 cm和60 cm∶60 cm)对径流效率、土壤贮水量、土壤含水量、紫花苜蓿干草产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明：SR、BMR和CMR的平均径流效率分别为32.0%、90.7%和96.4%.在紫花苜蓿生育前期(4-6月),各处理之间土壤贮水量差异不显著;在紫花苜蓿生育后期(7-10月),BMR和CMR的土壤贮水量显著高于SR,SR的土壤贮水量显著高于平作,如在紫花苜蓿孕蕾期,平作、SR、BMR和CMR 0~140 cm土层土壤贮水量分别为223.27、248.56、277.81和284.16 mm.平作、SR、BMR和CMR全生育期实际干草产量分别为4112.1、3397.5、4317.8和4523.8 kg·hm^-2,水分利用效率分别为11.08、10.48、14.56、14.95 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2.在同一覆盖材料下,不同沟垄比对土壤贮水量和水分利用效率的影响不显著.当沟垄比为60 cm∶44 cm时,CMR和BMR处理的实际产量均达到最大.     

Origin and development of secondary somatic embryos in transformed embryogenic cultures of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago sativa</Emphasis>

Non-transformed and transformed embryogenic cultures of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Zaječarska 83), long-term maintained on growth regulator-free medium, were histologically analyzed. In all examined cultures, somatic embryos at various stages of development were observed and secondary embryos were formed in the cotyledonary, hypocotylary and radicular region of the primary embryos. Detailed histological analysis of the torpedo shape somatic embryo revealed that secondary somatic embryos arose directly from single epidermal cells of hypocotylary axis after an unequal periclinal division. Bipolar proembryos were composed of one smaller cytoplasm rich cell and one larger more vacuolated cell. Further cell division pattern was similar for both non-transformed and transformed embryos. However, multicellular origin of secondary embryos in a direct process and even from callus can not be excluded.     

低pH条件对紫花苜蓿结瘤的影响及机制初探

探讨了低pH条件下紫花苜蓿根毛变形和结瘤受到的影响及其机制。结果表明,在低pH条件下,初生根伸长和根瘤菌OD600值显著下降,根共生结瘤受到明显抑制。在接种根瘤菌、不加NF的条件下,pH5.0、pH4.7、pH4.5、pH4.2处理的根毛变形率分别比对照(pH6.5)减少了44.1%、56.4%、60.0%和69.0%;在加入NF、不接种根瘤菌的情况下,低pH(4.5)处理,根毛的变形也比对照(pH6.5)减少了45.9%。结果暗示,低pH条件下苜蓿结瘤初期的结瘤信号传导受阻,这可能是导致酸性条件下苜蓿结瘤减少的重要原因之一。     

Availability and contributions of soil phosphorus to forage production of seeded alfalfa in semiarid Loess Plateau

The availability of soil phosphorus was studied in response to the forage production of seeded alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), established by the ridge and furrow water-harvesting technique in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China. The following 5 treatments were set up in this study: (1) conventional cultivation in a flat plot without mulch (CK); (2) plastic mulched ridge with 30 cm width of ridge and furrow (M30); (3) plastic mulched ridge with 60 cm width of ridge and furrow (M60); (4) bare ridge with 30 cm width of ridge and furrow (B30); (5) bare ridge with 60 cm width of ridge and furrow (B60). The forage yield, evapotranspiration (ET), soil organic carbon (SOC), total phosphorus, available phosphorus and the ratio of soil organic C to available P (C/P) were measured in the experiment. Results showed that the positive correlation occurred between the decrease in soil available P and the total forage yield of alfalfa after three-year alfalfa stand. M30 and M60 were higher than those of conventional flat cultivation (CK) by 10.7% and 40.3%, respectively, whereas the yield of two bare treatments (B30 and B60) was lower than that of CK by 14.2% and 28.3%, respectively. After a 3-year alfalfa stand, the trend of the decrease in soil available P was in the order of M60 (55.5%) > M30 (51.5%) > CK (34.6%) > B30 (23.4%) > B60 (17.5%). Moreover, after 3-year alfalfa growth, the C/P ratio increased significantly in all of the treatments by comparing with that before sowing. The C/P ratios of M30 (1165.1) and M60 (1326.1) were significantly higher than those of the other treatments. More interesting finding was that the increase in SOC in dry years promoted the accumulation of soil available P. However, in wet years, the increase of SOC limited the accumulation of soil available P. Therefore, to further increase the forage yield of alfalfa, the effective technique must be developed to increase the soil available P.     

苜蓿根际土壤水提液化感作用的研究

以10个国内外引进的紫花苜蓿品种为材料,研究其不同浓度根际土壤水提液对受体苜蓿阿尔冈金种子发芽、幼苗生长和幼苗鲜重的影响.结果表明：不同品种紫花苜蓿根际土壤水提液对受体苜蓿种子发芽都存在抑制作用,且随着水提液浓度增大抑制作用有增强的趋势,并以爱维兰、牧歌401＋Z和牧野水提液的抑制作用较显著;大部分苜蓿品种的根际土壤水提液对受体苜蓿幼苗的生长存在抑制作用,但对根的生长具有促进作用,对幼苗茎叶和根生物量的积累均具有促进作用,且对茎叶的促进作用大于根,并以全能＋Z、射手、牧歌401＋Z和爱维兰的作用较明显.研究表明,苜蓿根际土壤水提液的化感作用在品种间和浓度间存在显著差异,受体苜蓿各器官对化感作用的反应也不同.